What health issue is characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries leading to restricted blood flow?

Atherosclerosis is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the condition where fatty deposits, known as plaques, accumulate within the walls of arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow, leading to various cardiovascular complications. Over time, the reduced blood flow can result in serious health issues, including heart attacks or strokes, as the heart and other organs may not receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.

In contrast, an aneurysm involves a localized enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel wall, which is not directly related to fatty deposits. Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by increased pressure in the blood vessels, but it does not specifically denote the buildup of fatty substances. Myocardial infarction, or a heart attack, occurs as a direct result of blocked blood flow to the heart muscles, often due to atherosclerosis, but it is the consequence of the condition rather than the condition itself. Thus, atherosclerosis accurately describes the buildup of fatty deposits leading to restricted blood flow.